Knowledge and Assessment Essay - 708 Words

1. Understand the principles requirements of assessment 1.1 explain the functions of assessment in learning and development Determining level of knowledge understanding †¢ Ensuring that learning is taking place †¢ Checking progress †¢ Adhering to course criteria 1.2 define the key concepts and principles of assessment 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. Assessment is carried out to evaluate that learning has taken place. It measures the learner’s attainment of knowledge and skills in their particular learning area. Assessment encourages learners to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood, as learners know that they will have to prove their knowledge and understanding†¦show more content†¦Understand different types of assessment methods 2.1 compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners 3. Understand how to plan assessment 3.1 summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment 3.2 evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment 3.3 explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment 3.4 summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility 3.5 explain how to minimise risks through the planning process 4. Understand how to involve learners others in assessment 4.1 explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process 4.2 summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process 4.3 explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of l earning 4.4 explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners 5. Understand how to make assessment decisions 5.1 explain how to judge whether evidence is: †¢ Sufficient †¢ Authentic †¢ Current 5.2 explain how to ensure that assessment decisions are: †¢ Made against specific criteria †¢ Valid †¢ Reliable †¢ Fair 6. Understand Quality Assurance of the assessment process 6.1Show MoreRelatedAssessment Of The Knowledge Of Students Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment is one of the most vital tools teachers have to gauge the knowledge of students. Oakes et al. describes assessments as a process of gathering, describing and qualifying information about performance (Oakes et al. 2013). Good assessments are fair, student centered, relevant and have quick, concise, and relevant feedback. As educators we use various forms of assessment to assure that students acquire the intended knowledge from lessons. Assessment should inform further lessons and act asRead MoreAssessment Of Content Knowledge Growth1088 Words   |  5 Pagesassessment of content knowledge growth Children cannot be labeled like pieces of garments; one size does not fit all. Each student who enters the classroom is uniquely made. They come with their own background, intelligence and/ or skill set. The strengths of one student may be the weakness of another. Those factors combined should influence any teacher to make the necessary adjustments to lesson in order to ensure all students are engaged in the learning cycle. During my course, Assessment forRead MoreAssessment Of Knowledge In Oedipus The King733 Words   |  3 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, he makes an assessment of knowledge and its effects on the human psyche. To him, knowledge can shape not only a person’s life, but their character, morals and ideals as well. The play emphasizes this through Oedipus, the main character, as someone whose life is impacted by his pursuit knowledge, which, in turn, transforms his character. Consequently, Sophocles’ assessment of knowledg e, as a gift, burden, and an absolute truth, is ascertained through Oedipus’Read MoreAssessment And Intervention Of Print Knowledge1705 Words   |  7 Pages Personal Reflection of Action Assignment: Assessment and Intervention of Print Knowledge to Students with Severe Disabilities Breannah Davis-Bloom Radford University â€Æ' Introduction Emergent literacy development is a foundational principle commonly acquired prior to inclusion into a formal educational setting. Literacy development is a uniquely dynamic concept, consciously and unconsciously embedded in the everyday lives of children. As a result of diversity in family dynamics, literacy levelsRead MoreThe Knowledge And Understanding Of Health Assessments1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe knowledge and understanding of health assessments are essential to a nurse’s role in promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for others. Health assessments are conducted every day in nursing and other health profession. This essay aims to discuss the importance of understanding the purpose of conducting a health assessment, considering how a health assessment might be conducted differently on the setting and age of the patient or client and further develop the written communication skillsRead MoreKnowledge Gained and Personal Assessment1193 Words   |  5 PagesAssi gnment Four: Knowledge Gained and Personal Assessment Kim D. Duggared HRMN 495 Professor Jimmy Adkins 11 October 2015 University of Maryland University College in Europe Introduction and Purpose The purpose of this paper is to drawn knowledge gained during this capstone class and classes that have been taken during this degree program. The concept chosen, that is to represent key concepts, related to the key knowledge areas in Human Resources is Employee Engagement AcademicRead MoreThe Texas Assessment Of Knowledge And Skills1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe Texas Assessment of knowledge and skills, known as TAKS is a standardized test used throughout the State of Texas to determine whether or not a child is prepared for the next grade level. The TAKS test was implemented in 2003 to replace the â€Å"No child Left behind Act† The new addition to the test added science as well as social studies to the already existing math, reading and English. This test was design to obtain more information on where students currently resided in academics. Many haveRead MoreResearch Knowledge and Assessment Essay3100 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ A6: Research Knowledge Assessment Vincient Cleamons Walden University Abstract This essay discusses the philosophies, concepts, and methodologies of research investigations. Research designs are contrasted and compared to assess benefits, limitations, and applications. Approaches to quantitative and qualitative studies are illustrated and explained. The operations and purposes of program evaluations and action research studies are elucidated. Read MoreMeasuring The Knowledge Of Students Assessments Are Needed1077 Words   |  5 PagesWhen gauging the knowledge of students assessments are needed, however they must ensure that the assessing the actual abilities of the student not just the ability to remember and recall information. All too frequently, students are given assessments too often that do not measure their knowledge level, but instead emphasizing concepts that administrators find useful. These concepts are normally too vague and not relatable to the student and the knowledge he/she needs to continue to learn throughoutRead MoreAssessment Methods For A Learner s Knowledge2396 Words   |  10 PagesAssessment Methods There are various assessment methods that can be used in different scenarios for different reasons. Observation Observation is one of the primary assessments and will be used often, as you should be observing the learners’ at all times ensuring that learning is taking place. You need to be observant of body language or actions such as raised hands in case a learner has missed something or has a question to ask. You also need to be observant to any hazards within your learning

Music and why it should be used in schools Free Essays

Music is a form of art. It is used daily in many parts of the world, different kinds for everyone. It improves focus, gives students a better mood and it helps pass the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and why it should be used in schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though it may create an antisocial environment listening to music with headphones in classes has more good outcomes then bad. Students minds wander, No matter what. But personally when I am listening to music and working I’m more concentrated and I work faster. A wandering mind is unhappy, most of that time it is spent focusing on the inadequacy of life; music brings you back to the present. In your classes you need to focus. And what better way to do that then when listening to music? Though it has been proven that â€Å"some students can study effectively with music playing, while others are distracted by any outside stimulus†. You would find that more students can listen and study at the same time then people that cannot study with music playing in the background. â€Å"It breaks you out of Just thinking one way,† said Dry. Teresa Leslie, an assistant professor in the music therapy program at the University of Miami. In biological terms melodious sounds help encourage the release of dopamine in the reward area of the brain, as would eating a delicacy, looking at something appealing or smelling a pleasant aroma† said Dry. Amid Sod. That being said listening to music in the classrooms would bring a positive vibe to students as dopamine releases â€Å"good† feelings. Students who are in a better mood give the teachers they are with a better attitude, meaning that they do not deal with kids who are in a bad mood due to the fact that the dopamine did not release Into he reward section of the brain. When students have a good attitude they are more than likely to learn better. And If students learn better they will get a better grade. When students listen to music In class It passes time faster and then they will not be rushing to finish before the bell rings to go to their next class. Cons of listening to music with headphones In class are equally Important to the pros of using headphones In class. One of the cons being that It may create an antisocial classroom environment with everyone listening to their music and not participating tit their peers as often as they would If they did not use headphones. Another con would be subliminal messages In songs that the kids are unaware of, changing their way of thoughts about certain things. Also If an alarm or announcement were to go off the students would not be able to hear It as their music may be up to loud. As you can see listening to music with headphones In can benefit the students and teachers In their classroom environment, In both good and bad ways. Even If It’s for certain days of the week students should be given the chance to prove how they learn with USIA. I’m not saying that they need to listen to the music constantly because they still need to pay attention to lectures or presentations from others. And It should be Individually discussed between the student and teacher. So If It makes the loudest and most difficult student to teach be able to learn, why not try It? Music and why it should be used in schools By skeletally headphones in classes has more good outcomes then bad. Student’s minds wander, kids who are in a bad mood due to the fact that the dopamine did not release into than likely to learn better. And if students learn better they will get a better grade. When students listen to music in class it passes time faster and then they will not be music with headphones in class are equally important to the pros of using headphones in class. One of the cons being that it may create an antisocial classroom environment with everyone listening to their music and not participating with their peers as often as they would if they did not use headphones. Another con would be subliminal messages in songs that the kids are unaware of, changing their ay of thoughts about certain things. Also if an alarm or announcement were to go off the students would not be able to hear it as their music may be up to loud. As you can see listening to music with headphones in can benefit the students and teachers in their classroom environment, in both good and bad ways. Even if it’s for certain still need to pay attention to lectures or presentations from others. And it should be individually discussed between the student and teacher. So if it makes the loudest and most difficult student to teach be able to learn, why not try it? How to cite Music and why it should be used in schools, Papers

Personal Statement Nursing Practice

Question: Discuss about the Personal Statement for Nursing Practice ? Answer: The field of nursing practice has always been a place of interest for me. The very feeling that I can help a person to improve their life in terms of health attracts me for a high level of satisfaction. The standard of nursing practice in UK is also quite high thus ensuring a good career growth as well. The course of Adult and Mental Health was very helpful in providing me with the opportunity to develop my knowledge, skills and awareness to frame the mental and physical health needs of the patients. It assisted me in selecting the most appropriate evidence-based interventions to meet the needs and handle the contemporary issues. These skills and knowledge are useful in my work as the care assistant with aged dementia patients, adults suffering from learning disabilities, patients with eating disorders and drug addiction in community and hospitals. To support these patients to lead an independent life at home, I delivered personal care service ensuring safety, comfort and cleanliness in their surrounding environment. Along with the organization, I provided them with medications, helps for their cooking and feeding. It was vital to ensure that they attend the regular health appointments. The training of NVQ2 and NVQ3 in Social and Health Care facilitated my efficiency of delivering an excellent level of care service to the patients. It enabled me to understand my roles and responsibilities clearly thereby ensuring the establishment of safe health atmosphere. I also learned the person-centered approach to personalized health and social care through this training course. I am aware of the fact that the patients need to be provided with quality care service and resources as foods that meet the safety requirements. My advanced diploma in HIV-AIDS and my experience of volunteered service with Terrence Higgins Trust for community helped me to develop the ability of advising and driving people towards safer sex, counseling them for effective handling of stigmatization and cope up with the condition. I assured them that they can maintain their health through medication and as evidence arranged trips for them to meet people with similar conditions and who are benefiting from care services. It was an enlightening trip to go on with these patients as it made me realize the value of life even more from a greater view and brings forth the even higher value of quality and healthy living than just being alive. This feeling of satisfaction to be able to improve the lives of such people and enable them to lead a better quality of life encourages me each time to initiate a new care service for a different case with fresh energy and vigour. However, at times the process of delivering the nursing care to patients becomes too stressful and tiring. I indulge in my interests as swimming especially cooking baking cakes and socializing with new people in parties and baby showers to distress. Spending time with babies and involving in my creative skills have always been a success to encourage me for a new start at my work front.

Lesson Before Dying By Grant Essays - A Lesson Before Dying

Lesson Before Dying By Grant In the novel A Lesson Before Dying, although Grant is an educated black man in the era of a racist society he has struggles greater than most men of his decent. I feel sorry for him because of his limitations, even though I view him as a coward. He cannot break free of his background and family. The three main female characters in the novel, Tante Lou, Miss Emma, and Vivian, restrict and limit Grant's choices. Grant realizes that freedom means leaving his small town and creating a new life, yet each woman holds a chain that keeps him from his destiny and the right to be free. First, Tante Lou, his aunt holds Grant from his dreams by refusing to let him go his own way. Tante Lou wants Grant to stay at home with her and take care of her. But, in the time the novel takes place, it wasn't common for young men stay with their elders and help out, especially when Grant has a college degree and can accomplish so much. Tante Lou took advantage of this in any means necessary, using the fact that Grant is family and in essence owes it to her to stay and help out. We can see this on page 14 when Tante Lou forces Grant to talk to Mr. Henri about seeing Jefferson. "You are going up there with us Grant, or you will not sleep in this house tonight." Tante Lou denies Knodt 2 Grant choices that men his age have. Next, Miss Emma, who doesn't have a family relation to Grant, also restricts his choices in life. Miss Emma plays an important role in the novel by being Jefferson's godmother, and in a painstaking situation. She asks Grant in a way that gives him no real choices to teach Jefferson to be a man. Leaning on her ability to persuade, and using her power as an extensive friend to Tante Lou she can basically tell Grant what to do and gets away with it. She knew Grant did not want to go and teach Jefferson, but still went ahead with it. "Driving along the St. Charles River I could feel Emma not looking at me, not looking at anything..just thinking. Like my Aunt she knew how much I hated all of this."(p.68) Miss Emma therefore forces Grant to do matters that she wants, not what Grant thinks he is capable of doing. Thirdly, Vivian, the love of his life, is also limiting Grant's ability to make decisions based strictly on his own intent. She understands Grant's need to leave and see new things, but has restrictions in her life that will not allow her to help Grant begin a new existence. Vivian is in the middle of a drawn out divorce and needs to see it through so she can maintain custody of her children. We see an example of this on page 93. "Let's go somewhere and spend the night. Baton Rouge, New Orleans- anywhere, Grant asks. I can't, My Babies." This sentence alone describes the turmoil she is going through with her own threatening aspects and how it effects Grant's choices. I think the book is an intriguing novel and surfaced important issues dealt with in society. Religion, racism, and many other articles of today are just a few. But, Grant is a complex character and can be depicted thoroughly. His education holds him to a new Knodt3 standard not expected of people back then, but withholds him from reaching his dreams. He cannot find what he is looking for in this small town that A Lesson Before Dying takes place in. I feel sorry for him until Jefferson teaches him other factors involved to being a real and distinct kind of man. He evolves dramatically. But, his need to be free is still restrained by Tante Lou, Miss Emma, and Vivian in different, yet important ways.

Death of a salesman coursework Essays

Death of a salesman coursework Essays Death of a salesman coursework Paper Death of a salesman coursework Paper Essay Topic: Death Of a Salesman In In death of a salesman we see an optimistic salesman, Willy Loman, in the last 48 hours of his life. The play has frequent flashbacks to Willys past that are representative of how Willy is having a nervous breakdown and later commits suicide. We see Willy as a broken man under the cutthroat capitalist system he has so loyally served and supported all his working live trying to make the best for his family and trying unsuccessfully to become a successful salesman. Arthur Miller, the author, wants to show Willy as another victim of capitalism and makes us sympathise at how Willy and the people around him act. He shows us a man disillusioned by the world around him and confused by his sons who he wants to follow the same career as him. His sons, Biff and Happy are also unsuccessful or just not motivated. Biff wants to get out the city and live a laid back lifestyle where Happy tries in vain to be like his father but can not face the fact that he is also unsuccessful. Another aspect of the play is that Miller comments on the fake American Dream and measures of social status are made by the commodities or job that one has. He criticised capitalism at a time when the communist witch-hunts were carried out in America and he was arrested for sympathising with communists. It is obvious this play is an attack on the American social values of which he disapproves. The Set There are many stage directions throughout the play, to increase the dramatic impact, but the longest is at the start, it details the various lighting, music and stagecraft that must be used to make the play have an effect on the audience. Another feature of the set is the fact that there are many imaginary wall lines around the set. In the past these wall lines are ignored and the actors can pass freely through the boundaries. In the present the actors observe the imaginary wall lines, entering the house only through its door at the left. This is important as the action in the play frequently skips from past to present, and can tell an audience more about what time the scene is set in. The set is wholly and is a house structure surrounded by tall, imposing buildings that are tower blocks/. The kitchen is placed in the centre and has all the typical features of a kitchen e.  g. A fridge, table, sink etc. Miller says that an air of the dream clings to the place. This is very hard for a direct to do but helps the dramatic impact of the play. Above the kitchen is the boys bedroom with two beds and Willys bedroom. There is a stairway leading from the kitchen to the two bedrooms. The way the tower blocks surround the house is almost claustrophobic, and could be interpreted as an analogy for Miller feeling threatened by surrounding capitalism in the USA. Music In death of a salesman music is used to a dramatic effect and the main characters, such as Ben and Willy, have their own pieces of music/ This may be to affect the audience and to make the characters entry seem more dramatic/ At the start of the play a melody is heard, played upon a flute, It is small and mine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon. This is an optimistic piece of music, relative to the rest of the play and is used to give us hopes and dreams for the rest of the play. This music is dramatic and is played upon one flute, it is simplistic and powerful. At the end of the play, just before the requiem, the music rises to a frenzy as Willy drives off and as he dies, the music is used to a dramatic effect as the music turns to the soft pulsation of a cell o string. This is striking to the audience and has a great emotional impact upon them. Another quality of the Melody is that it feels out of place in a city scene, which is the appearance of the set. The music is the opposite and tells of a rural, peaceful, tranquillity and Willys dreams of a quiet life in the country.

Autism Psa

NAA provides many programs to help support individual with ASD as well as his or her family, including the Helping Hand Program, Big Red Safety, and Progress Research. NAA strives to help the autistic community while offering opportunities to support this cause. Before knowing what NAA is, it is important to have a better understanding of the disability called autism. Autism is a bio-neurological development disability which impacts development of the brain and areas of social interaction, communication skills, and cognitive function. Individuals with autism often have physical limitations such as allergies, asthma, epilepsy, digestive disorders, persistent viral infections, feeding disorders, sensory integration dysfunction, sleeping disorders, difficulties with verbal and non-verbal communications, social interactions, and much more. ASD is not just autism it includes other disorders such as â€Å"autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome† (Autism Speaks, 2012). There is much controversy as to why people have autism. The biggest argument is that autism is due to vaccinations because of the chemical exposure. Other exposures to the environment can cause autism if the immune system has certain conditions. Another argument is genetics, but the rate of increase of autism today makes genetics an unlikely reason. It was once believed the way a child is raised by their parents has an influence on autism. A few other arguments include: pesticide exposure, parental age, pharmaceuticals, freeway proximity, and limited prenatal vitamin intake. NAA suggests to families that if they have a child with autism, they should research various causes to become more aware and have a better understanding as to why a child might have autism. NAA has a mission statement that includes: â€Å"The mission of the National Autism Association is to respond to the most urgent needs of the autism community, providing real help and hope so that all affected can reach their full potential. † (National Autism Association, 2012) Having an autistic family member can be a challenge; NAA can help the family members as well as the person with autism in many different ways. NAA helps parents to understand â€Å"You’re Not Alone,† after explaining that they will help you find a support group close to you. This can be through the Yellow Pages or by going online to find a NAA chapter in your area. They also provide some links for support and discussions where you can ask questions, state concerns, or simply talk to others who may be in the same situation. In addition to providing sources to help families find support, NAA has many programs to help afflicted families. Through these programs, NAA’s goals are to strengthen autism families by providing support, giving them up-to-date information on research, funding research, and raising awareness. NAA provides support through the Helping Hand Program, Big Red Safety Box, and Progress Research. The Helping Hand Program is a program that helps families who cannot afford the medical expenses related to their family member with autism. NAA reaches out to families who make less than $50,000 a year by providing financial aid. This can be used for specialized medicines and therapy services for the treatment of autism. The Big Red Safety Box program, when funded, provides a life-saving tool kit at no cost to families with a member with autism. A donor can pay $35 to have a Box provided to a family. The Box provides tools to help keep a person with autism safe in their home. Some items include: education materials and tools, two door/window alarms with batteries, personalized engraved shoe ID tag, five stop signs for doors and windows, safety alert window clings, and a safety alert wristband. NAA supports research for ASD because they believe that one day a cure will be found. NAA’s research fund supports studies which show promise for children suffering now. Research seeks cures, discovers new treatments, answers questions, and promotes progress. Among the many challenges of having a child with autism is keeping the child out of harms way is one of the most difficult. The Big Red Safety Box mentioned earlier provides tools to equip the home with safety accommodations, but there are other dangers to a child with autism. NAA provides information on how to keep the child from wandering, gives advice on how to respond to bullying, and suggests methods for suicide prevention. A California research team showed that mortality of people with autism has high numbers in drowning as a result of wandering; in addition, there are other wandering factors that are the cause of death. NAA provides twelve ways to prevent ASD wandering. First, the caregiver should understand wandering patterns and prevent anything that would cause the person to wander. Second, teach the child about safety by showing pictures or use simple explanations familiar to the child. Third, secure the home with door and window alarms or even fencing in the yard. Fourth, have the child wear a wrist band or anklet with a tracking device in case of emergency. Fifth, have the child wear a medical ID bracelet with his or her name and telephone number and other important information. Sixth, enroll the child in swimming lessons. NAA provides a list of YMCAs that are available for special needs swimming lessons. Seventh, alert neighbors that the child may wander, and who should be notified when they see this. Eighth, alert first responders, so that if something may happen, they can improve response with the information given to them. Ninth, have a â€Å"tag, you’re it† strategy, where the child tags the closest adult who then becomes the person watching the child closely. Tenth, secure external settings such as school or camp know policies and inform teachers about wandering. Eleventh, learn from others by researching or asking people who also have children with autism. Twelfth, never have s false sense; as the child grows up, he or she will learn new things and have more abilities, so be sure to make changes as they grow and learn. These twelve steps can help prevent ASD wandering, and keep the child safe. Bullying is a serious issue in schools, especially in relation to students with autism. Children with disabilities are two to three times more likely to be bullied. There are multiple forms of bullying, and each one can be detrimental to a child’s learning and future. NAA has resources and provides information about bullying for parents of a bullied child and the student who is being bullied. NAA also provides information on suicide prevention and gives help via sources such as suicidepreventionlifeline. org. Whether a person has a family member with a form of ASD or ASD touches the heart, help can be provided in various ways. NAA helps the autistic community but they need donations and support to continue to do so. NAA provides a venue to collect donations. This can be done in honor of someone. The donor may choose to purchase items at NAA’s â€Å"Little Shop of Hope,† where the proceeds benefit NAA. It is possible to start an online fundraising site or choose rom other methods of raising funds. ASD affects more children than any other childhood disorder, yet it is the least funded disorder. Helping raise awareness of NAA can provide more resources for research to assist members of the autistic community. NAA is an organization that provides assistance to those in the ASD community. Because of NAA’s many ways of support, the autistic community is pro gressing to becoming more informed and supported. Autism is a large part of the world, and until there is a cure it will continue to be. It is important to remember that NAA needs the communities support to continue on in their Mission â€Å"to respond to the most urgent needs of the autism community, providing real help and hope so that all affected can reach their full potential† (National Autism Association, 2012). Works Cited â€Å"National Autism Association. † National Autism Association. N. p. , 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. http://nationalautismassociation. org/. â€Å"Autism Speaks. † Autism Speaks. N. p. , 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. http://www. autismspeaks. org/.

Project Design Constraints Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Design Constraints - Research Paper Example Given the design requirements of flow chambers of the heart, the material chosen for the design of the heart flow chambers has to meet a load of requirements. For instance, alumina as a biomaterial, has to sustain high fluid resistance. Additionally, it has to be economical, and avoid stiffening. The material also has to have good thermal conductivity. The fact that the human body happens to be one of the greatest corrosive surroundings for foreign materials means that the material used to make the flow chambers have to be able to sustain the corrosion from the active enzymes, at the human body temperature. Additionally, caution has to be reserved to guarantee that the material used is not poisonous to the human body. A composite design is proposed; in which the porous synthetic grafts are improved in terms of biocompatibility. Polyester textile can be coated using cross-linked protein. Studies of different kinds of proteins such as collagen, gelatin, elastin, and albumin have been c onducted. There is no ideal material yet, to use in making of prosthetic heart valves. This is because the different available materials like titanium, or stainless steel, polyester, alumina, or pyrolitic carbon have faults in one way or another. When each one of them is used by itself, the patient has to go through long anticoagulant therapy. An example of a design that can be used is the asymmetric design of the natural human heart coined by Gianni Pedrizetti and Vukicevic of Trieste University.